Objective To compare the effectiveness of three different devices in trapping sandflies by investigating the sandfly density. Methods From June to August of each year from 2017 to 2019, three types of devices, namely CO ₂ trap, Maxttrac trap, and mini light trap (MYSF-HJY-1), were used to collect sandflies from 13 rural household livestock or poultry pens in 12 villages of 9 townships in 5 counties (districts), including Yangquan, Changzhi, Yuncheng, and Linfen, of Shanxi province. The effectiveness of different devices in trapping sandflies at the same time and in the same habitat was compared. SPSS 17.0 software was used to conduct a non-parametric Wilcoxon test for two related samples on the numbers of sandflies trapped. Results A total of 10 522 sandflies were trapped, including 5 851 in Yangquan, 4 372 in Changzhi, 294 in Linfen, and 5 in Yuncheng. Five percent of the specimens were sampled randomly, and they were all identified as Phlebotomus chinensis according to microscopy. The numbers of sandflies trapped by the three different traps ranged from 0 to 1 890. The numbers of sandflies trapped by different traps at the same site ranged from 1 to 1 890. The numbers of sandflies trapped by the three different traps were analyzed by the non-parametric Wilcoxon test for two related samples; the results showed that there were significant differences in the number of trapped sandflies between CO ₂ trap and Maxttrac trap ( P=0.034), and between CO ₂ trap and mini light trap ( P=0.039), but there was no significant difference between Maxttrac trap and mini light trap ( P=0.348). Conclusion Based on the statistical results and considering the use factors, the most suitable device for trapping sandflies is the Maxttrac trap.

Objective To investigate the ecological niches of sandflies in the endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis in the extension regions of the Loess Plateau, China, and to determine the infection status of Wolbachia in sandflies. Methods Sandflies were collected in Shan county, Henan province, China (in July 2015) and Yangquan and Wuxiang county, Shanxi province, China (in June and July, 2017). Meanwhile, the habitats were observed and investigated. The sandflies were sorted in the field according to their external morphology; the fresh samples were randomly selected for dissection. The species were identified by observing their pharyngeal armatures and spermathecae. Molecular identification was performed according to partial sequences of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (mtDNA Cyt b) gene. The 16S rRNA fragments of Wolbachia were amplified by PCR to determine the infection status of Wolbachia in sandflies. Results The sites for sandfly collection were typical extension regions of the Loess Plateau with a large area of bare land. A total of 2 273 sandflies were collected in Shan county, Henan province; female sandflies accounted for 79.60% (1 635/2 054) in chicken houses and 93.15%(204/219) in cave dwellings and courtyards, both of which were higher than those of male sandflies. In Yangquan and Wuxiang county, Shanxi province, 3 599 and 2 850 sandflies were captured, respectively. The proportion of female sandflies was much higher than that of male sandflies in both areas. Among the collected sandflies, 99.60%(3 444/3 458) were female sandflies captured in chicken farms and 74.01%(2 549/3 444) of the female sandflies took blood meal. It could be inferred that chickens, sheep, pigs, dogs, ducks, geese, donkeys, and cattle (whether fed concentratedly or scatteredly) in the countryyards were blood source animals for sandflies and the loose soil surrounding those animals were breeding sites for sandflies. All the 50 sandflies identified by morphology were Phlebotomus chinensis. Molecular identification showed that all the 108 sandflies were Ph. chinensis except one that was identified as Sergentomyia squamirostris (found in Shan county, Henan province). Phlebotomus chinensis was the dominant species in the area, and the peak activity season for local sandflies ranged from June to July every year. Wolbachia detection was positive in 9 pooled samples from Shan county, 6 pooled and 56 individual samples from Yangquan city, 10 pooled and 79 individual samples from Wuxiang county. The infection rate for the individual sandfly was 51.85% (56/108) in Yangquan and 73.15% (79/108) in Wuxiang county. Conclusion The ecological niches of vector Ph. chinensis have been identified in the extension regions of the Loess Plateau, which is an important endemic area of leishmaniasis in China. Wolbachia has a high infection rate among the on-site Ph. chinensis population.

Objective To investigate the effect of a model of high-temperature steam equipment in killing indoor Blattella germanica and the possibility of high-temperature steam in killing common indoor insect vectors. Methods At room temperature, B. germanica were fastened and treated with high-temperature steam at different vertical heights, with an ejection time of 1 and 2 seconds, respectively. The insect-killing effect and the effective distance of the equipment were observed, and SPSS 16.0 software was used for the Pearson's chi-square test. Results High-temperature steam effectively killed B. germanica. When the ejection time was 1 second, there was a significant difference in death rate between the 0, 5, and 10 cm ejection distance groups (100%) and the 11, 12, and 13 cm ejection distance groups (30.0%)( χ ²=96.923, P=0.000), and the effective distance of high-temperature steam was 10 cm; when the ejection time was 2 seconds, there was also a significant difference in death rate between the 0, 5, 10, 11, and 12 cm ejection distance groups (99.3%) and the 13, 14, and 15 cm ejection distance groups (43.3%)( χ ²=103.935, P=0.000), and the effective distance of high-temperature steam was 12 cm. Conclusion Within the effective ejection distance, 100% of B. germanica can be killed by high- temperature steam, and the equipment may be used to kill insect vectors including fleas and bedbugs.

Objective To identify the common species of sandflies in Haikou city based on morphological characteristics, and determine the species specific molecular identity. Methods Sandflies were collected overnight by light-trap monthly in the pigsty, chicken or duck coops or human dwellings around village and urban-rural fringe areas in Haikou city during August 2015 to July 2016, as well as in Sansha city in August, 2017. After counting, partial sandflies were randomly selected and classified by morphological characteristics. Then the genomic DNA was extracted from identified specimens, the mtDNA Cytb gene fragment was sequenced and analyzed to determine the species-specific molecular identity. The sandflies collected from Sansha city were identified by molecular marker, and the taxonomic status was discussed. Results A total of 377 sandflies samples were collected in Haikou city, which belonged to 4 species in 2 genera, as Sergentomyia bailyi Sinton, S.iyengari Sinton, S. squamipleuris Newstead, and Phleboto musstantoni Newstead. The sandflies adults were active throughout the year with the peak of density in June and November. The intraspecific genetic distance of mtDNA Cytb gene sequences among the 4 species was from 0 to 0.046. The range of the interspecific distance among the 9 species (including 5 species mtDNA Cytb gene sequences downloaded from NCBI database) was from 0.112 ( P. wui with P. chinensis) to 0.219 ( P. stantoni and P. caucasicus). All sandflies specimen collected from Sansha city were S. bailyi by molecular identity. The most genetic distance was 0.049 between Haikou and Sansha population. Conclusion Sandflies were active throughout the year in Haikou city, including two peaks of density. The identity of mtDNA Cytb gene sequences of 4 common sandflies in Hainan province was identified. There was obvious genetic divergence in S. bailyi populations.

Objective To analyze 92 patients with tick-borne diseases in Mudanjiang Forestry Central Hospital in 2012 and investigate their demographic characteristics and the treatment capacity of this hospital, and to provide a data support for the risk assessment of tick-borne diseases in this area. Methods The clinical data of the 92 patients with tick-borne diseases, who visited Mudanjiang Forestry Central Hospital from January to September 2012, were analyzed to investigate demographic differences, admission times, co-infection, and treatment outcomes. Results Among the 92 cases, the prevalence rate of Lyme disease was the highest, followed by forest encephalitis and spotted fever; 7 (7.61%) of the 92 cases had co-infection. The time when patients went to hospital did not completely accord with the seasonal fluctuation of ticks. In this hospital, the total effective rate of treatment for tick-borne diseases was more than 91.67%. Conclusion The special hospital in this area has a good capacity of tick-borne disease treatment in Mudanjiang.

Objective To investigate the infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and its genospecies in Pingxiang of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Methods The specimens of ticks, rodents, and wild birds were collected in Pingxiang region of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in July 2011. Genomic DNA of B. burgdorferi sensu lato was extracted from the ticks and the spleens of rodents and wild birds by boiling method and Qiagen kit. The 5S-23S rRNA gene intergenic region of B. burgdorferi sensu lato was amplified by nested PCR; the PCR products were sequenced and aligned with the sequences of 5S-23S rRNA gene intergenic region of B. burgdorferi sensu lato deposited in GenBank to identify the genospecies of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Results B. burgdorferi sensu lato was detected in three rodent specimens, with an infection rate of 5.66% (3/53) among the rodents. One of the sequences had a homology of 100% with B. valaisiana (accessions in GenBank: HM100125.1, AB091455.1, AB091454.1, AB091453.1). B. burgdorferi sensu lato was not found in ticks and birds. Conclusion The infection with B. valaisiana in rodents is present in Pingxiang region of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

Objective To observe the killing efficacy of the 45% mixed fumigant of sulfuryl fluoride with d-Cyphenothrin on cockroaches. Methods The 45% mixed fumigant of sulfuryl fluoride with d-Cyphenothrin was applied at 10-20 g/m ³ in the kitchen operating area of a hotel restaurant and the change in the cockroach density was observed. Results The cockroach mortality rate was 88.04%-100% within 6-72 h after application of the mixed fumigant at 10-20 g/m ³, with an average decrease of 82.46%-98.53% in the cockroach density 72 hours after the application of the fumigant. Conclusion The 45% mixed fumigant of sulfuryl fluoride with d-Cyphenothrin can be used to kill cockroaches in confined spaces.

Objective To observe the biological efficacy of the 45% mixed fumigant of sulfuryl fluoride with d-Cyphenothrin under simulated field. Methods The procedures described in the“Laboratory efficacy test methods and criterions of public health insecticides for pesticide registration”of PRC criterion were referred to for the study. Results It was found that the lowest lethal dose of the mixed fumigant to mosquito, fly, cockroach and clothes moth, etc. was 5 g/m³(a.i. 2.25 g/m³), with the dose to mice being 20 g/m³(a.i. 9 g/m³). Conclusion The 45%mixed fumigant of sulfuryl fluoride with d-Cyphenothrin has a quick knock-down and excellent lethal effect on both pests and mice.

【Abstract】 Objective To guide the vector control after earthquake by hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) system. Methods Vector control was carried out according to seven process of HACCP system. The seven processes were as follows: hazard analysis, critical control point, critical limit, critical limit evaluation, corrective measure, certification program and records and files. Results Nine critical control points (CCP) were confirmed. The main vectors needed to control were flies and Phlebotomus chinensis. The environments around the corpuses, life garbage and lavatories should be preferred to be treated. Critical limits (CL) were established according to the CCPs. Eight CLs was rectified. Ten records and files were established. At the temporary garbage site and the human excrement place, malodor decreased by 50%-100%, and the flies density also declined to 87.5%-100%. The killing rate to P.chinensis was 100%. The health level of temporary lavatories accorded with National Class Ⅲ. Epidemiology investigation showed the incidence rate of disease was lower in 2008 than that in 2005 and 2007 respectively. Most importantly, the vector?borne diseases did not occur. Conclusion Application of HACCP system in the vector control at the earthquake disaster areas provides a case for disease control in unexpected public health event and natural disaster in the future.

Objective To observe the efficacy of Yekang cockroach gel bait on Blattlla germanica. Methods Gel bait was put in boxes for no selective test and both gel bait and food were used for selective test. Results All the cumulate mortalities were 100%. The needed time of the test without selectivity under (18±1 )℃ is 8-9 days and under (24±1 )℃ is 2-4 days. The needed time of the test of selectivity under (18±1 )℃ is 9-10 days and under (24±1 )℃ is 3-5 days. Conclusion The effective action of the insecticide was affected by the temperature,and temperature maybe affect the cockroach taking the drug.

Objective To test virulence of compound of Chlorpyrifos and Fendona against Blattella germanica in laboratory.Methods The dropping method,the spraying method and the resort spraying method.Results The half lethal dose(LD ₅₀) and the half knock-down time(KT ₅₀) of compound of Chlorpyrifos and Fendona were close to or less than on using separately.Toxicity of 1∶1 match was the highest;knock-down effect of 1∶1 or 1∶0.5 match were better;compound by 1∶1 match and dilution by 50 times has effective knock-down function and poison ability in about 90 days,but effects are different depending on different surfaces.Conclusion The compound of chlorpyrifos and Fendona obtained good result and worth of popularizing.